Referring to Figure 16-2 in the SAMG55 data sheet, and to sections 16.5.4 and 16.5.8:
16.5.4 Output Control
... The level driven on an I/O line can be determined by writing in the Set Output Data Register (PIO_SODR) and the Clear Output Data Register (PIO_CODR). These write operations, respectively, set and clear the Output Data Status Register (PIO_ODSR), which represents the data driven on the I/O lines. ...
16.5.8 Inputs
The level on each I/O line can be read through PIO_PDSR. This register indicates the level of the I/O lines regardless of their configuration, whether uniquely as an input, or driven by the PIO Controller, or driven by a peripheral. Reading the I/O line levels requires the clock of the PIO Controller to be enabled, otherwise PIO_PDSR reads the levels present on the I/O line at the time the clock was disabled.
So, as long as the pin is configured such that the actual level on the pin always corresponds to the level we're trying to drive - which is not the case with an open collector configuration, for example - then Tarick Welling's answer is correct: you can read the output state from the Output Data Status Register (PIO_ODSR).
However the true state of the pin, regardless of driver configuration, can be read (subject to a resynchronisation delay that may or may not be relevant in any given application) from the Pin Data Status Register (PIO_PDSR).